Decline of vultures and rise of dogs carries disease risks

Date:
February 14, 2022
Source:
University of Utah
Summary:
This is a story about vultures, feral dogs, rabies -- and piles of
rotting animal carcasses. Buckle up. But in the end, it's about the
power of conservation to keep ecosystems, even urban ecosystems,
in balance, benefiting the people who live there.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
In the yards behind the slaughterhouses -- also called abattoirs --
of Ethiopia, an ecological shift is unfolding that has echoes of
similar crises all over the world. Species with a clear and effective ecological role are in serious decline, and the less-specialized but more aggressive species that have moved in to take their place are not only
less effective, but are harmful to their ecosystem which, in this case, includes humans.


==========================================================================
This is a story about vultures, feral dogs, rabies -- and piles of rotting animal carcasses. Buckle up. But in the end, it's about the power of conservation to keep ecosystems, even urban ecosystems, in balance,
benefitting the people who live there.

"Carrion consumption by vultures is declining, and increasing by most
other scavengers, but that increase is not sufficient enough to make
up for the loss of vultures." says Evan Buechley, a University of Utah
graduate now with The Peregrine Fund, "So there's a gap there. And what
happens with that gap is a bit of an unanswered question, but that's
where the problem lies." The study is published in the Journal of
Wildlife Management and is funded by the National Science Foundation,
the University of Utah, HawkWatch International, The Peregrine Fund and
the National Geographic Society.

Vultures are awesome Worldwide, vultures are perfectly equipped to take
care of the unpleasant remnants of death. Rotting carcasses can become
hotbeds of disease, overrun by bacteria and insects. But vultures are an efficient clean-up crew. By eating carrion, they remove the carcasses
and pass them through a highly acidic digestive system that wipes
out disease-causing agents. And a diversity of vultures is better --
some species are specialized to tear away hides and skin while others,
coming in last, literally gulp down the bones.



==========================================================================
But vultures have been in trouble in recent decades. They're susceptible
to poisons in the carrion they eat, whether that's lead ammunition, the
drug diclofenac, or poisons used against predatory animals. And with
vultures producing relatively few chicks and taking a relatively long
time to mature, it's harder for them to recover from population declines.

C,a?an ?ekercio?lu, associate professor in the University of Utah School
of Biological Sciences, showed that vultures were the most threatened
group of birds (called an ecological guild, when the group uses the
same or related resources) in 2004 when he conducted the first known
ecological analysis of all bird species while in graduate school.

In 2012, ?ekercio?lu accepted Buechley as his first PhD student at the U.

Buechley brought extensive experience working with vultures and
condors. He and ?ekercio?lu began a project tracking Egyptian vultures
in eastern Turkey and the Horn of Africa.

"Evan led this project brilliantly and expanded it to the other vulture
species of Ethiopia and the Horn," ?ekercio?lu says. "Despite the many challenges, he also decided to study the scavenger communities of the
Addis Ababa abattoirs, to quantify the causes and consequences of vulture declines in the region." In 2016, ?ekercio?lu and Buechley re-analyzed
the ecology of all bird species.

"We realized that vultures not only have the fewest species of any
avian ecological guild, making them irreplaceable, but since that first analysis in 2004, they had gone downhill faster than any other group," ?ekercio?lu says.



==========================================================================
Yes, there are other scavenger species that can take vultures' place at
the carrion table. But the loss of vultures, as we'll see, can lead to
human costs.

Abattoirs' feathered "employees" At the abattoirs of Ethiopia, vultures
are welcome partners. After butchering animals in clean conditions, the
workers move the remnants of the carcasses - - hooves, organs and bones,
for example, to separate compounds. It's a . . .

unique sensory experience, Buechley says.

"It can be pretty stinky and pretty gross, by any objective measure."
So abattoirs are grateful for the scavengers, including critically
endangered white-backed, Ru"ppell's and hooded vultures, that eagerly
clean up the pile.

Study co-author Alazar Daka Ruffo, from Addis Ababa University, has
interviewed abattoir staff members to see how they feel about the
vultures.

"Some abattoir staff say half-jokingly, but not fully, that they see the vultures as employees of the abattoir," says Buechley, reporting Ruffo's findings. "They're serving an important function. There's intentionality
behind the system." Other winged scavengers frequent the disposal piles, including crows, ravens, ibises and marabou storks. Four-legged visitors include packs of feral dogs.

"It's an urban ecology situation where you have the human food supply
meeting and really directly interacting with the wildlife food supply
of scavengers," Buechley adds. "It's just a really complicated, kind of
gross but fascinating system." With a research team including Rebecca
Bishop, Tara Christensen and ?ekercio?lu from the U's School of Biological Sciences, Buechley set out to quantify the amount of carrion consumed
by scavengers at six abattoirs in Ethiopia over five years, from 2014
to 2019.

Decline in vultures and rise in rabies The team noted the types and
abundance of scavengers that visited the abattoir buffets, and used this
to extrapolate how much they ate. At first, vultures were eating more
than half of the carrion in the disposal piles. White-backed, Ru"ppell's
and hooded vultures together ate an average of around 550 pounds (250 kg)
of carrion a day.

But by the end of the five-year study, the number of Ru"ppell's and
white- backed vultures visiting the abattoir disposal yards decreased
by 73%. Hooded vulture visits decreased by 15%. Over the same time,
feral dog detections more than doubled.

"Although we can't say for sure if the decline represents a population
crash or if the vultures are being displaced by dogs and moving away
from the abattoirs, either way this is really concerning," says Megan Murgatroyd, Interim Director of International Programs for HawkWatch International.

"We know that the vultures are declining and we know that the feral dogs
are increasing, but we don't know exactly why," Buechley says, adding
that abattoir practices are also changing and that further studies will
be needed to draw a cause-and-effect relationship.

Regardless, the vultures can ill afford the loss of abattoirs as a
food supply.

Ru"ppell's, white-backed and hooded vultures are listed as critically endangered. "That's the highest threat category before going extinct or
extinct in the wild," Buechley says.

The population of Ru"ppell's vultures has declined by over 90% over the
past three generations (approximately 40 years). White-backed and hooded vultures are doing a little better -- but not by much. They're estimated
to have declined by 81% and 83%, respectively, over three generations.

"So it does seem that their disappearance from abattoirs is likely linked
to a population crash," says Murgatroyd. "Vultures need all the help they
can get right now, and having to compete with growing dog populations
is only making things worse." Other scavengers on the rise, including
dogs, ibises and corvids (crows and ravens) couldn't pick up the slack at
the abattoirs. By 2019, scavengers were consuming nearly 43,000 pounds
(around 20,000 kg) less carrion per year than they were in 2014, back
when vultures were more abundant and dogs more scarce.

A chilling consequence of the rise of dogs may be a rise of rabies
rates in humans. In the late 1990s, vulture populations in India and
Pakistan crashed.

Feral dog populations increased to take advantage of the uneaten carrion.

"They're also disease vectors," Buechley says, "and they interact really closely with people. And there's been a link drawn between a big spike in
feral dog populations and rabies in India." Is the same thing likely to
happen in Ethiopia? Scientists haven't yet drawn a link between vulture
loss and rabies rise in that country. But Ethiopia already bears a heavy
rabies burden with around 3,000 deaths from the disease per year.

"Unlike a lot of diseases which impact the elderly, rabies
disproportionately affects young children, which are the most likely to
be bit by rabid dogs," Buechley says.

Fencing dogs out The researchers provide a straightforward recommendation
to help the situation: Use fences to keep the dogs out. And many abattoirs already have fences in place.

"But a pack of feral dogs is really persistent," Buechley says. "It's
hard to keep hungry animals away from lots of food." The dogs can fight
and dig their way through many fences, and maintaining or fortifying
them may cut into the abattoirs' profit margins.

"It's a matter of weighing how important it is to keep the fences
maintained," Buechley says. "Improvement of these fences could really
have a lot of benefits." Those include potentially reducing the numbers
of feral dogs, which reproduce quickly and whose population keeps pace
with the available food supply. That in turn could help control rabies in humans and diseases in other animals, such as the critically endangered Ethiopian wolf, which are carried by the feral dogs.

And, counterintuitively, fencing out the abundant dogs could increase
the rates of carrion consumption. Without the dogs around to scare off
other scavengers, vultures could return in larger numbers to more quickly
and efficiently clean up the disposal piles.

"That could lead to less smell, less groundwater contamination,
fewer insects like flies that can breed on the carcasses," Buechley
says. "There's a lot of potential benefits of investing in repairing the
fences around abattoirs, which are found throughout Africa and elsewhere worldwide. We encourage abattoirs, local governments and international organizations to consider this when looking for solutions to waste
disposal, human health and scavenger conservation." The results of the
study show that the loss of specialist species from an ecosystem can't
always be compensated for by other species.

"The overarching point is that vultures are super important," Buechley
says.

"If they decline, we expect there to be pretty profound ecological
consequences and there may be increases in human disease burden. And
so we should appreciate vultures and invest in their conservation." ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Utah. Original written
by Paul Gabrielsen.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Evan R. Buechley, Megan Murgatroyd, Alazar Daka Ruffo, Rebecca
C. Bishop,
Tara Christensen, Peter P. Marra, T. Scott Sillett, C,ağan
Hakkı Şekercioğlu. Declines in scavenging by
endangered vultures in the Horn of Africa. The Journal of Wildlife
Management, 2022; DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22194 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220214095744.htm

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