Smartphone app can vibrate a single drop of blood to determine how well
it clots

Date:
February 11, 2022
Source:
University of Washington
Summary:
Researchers have developed a new blood-clotting test that uses only
a single drop of blood and a smartphone vibration motor and camera.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Blood clots form naturally as a way to stop bleeding when someone
is injured.

But blood clots in patients with medical issues, such as mechanical
heart valves or other heart conditions, can lead to a stroke or heart
attack. That's why millions of Americans take blood-thinning medications,
such as warfarin, that make it harder for their blood to clot.


========================================================================== Warfarin isn't perfect, however, and requires patients to be tested
frequently to make sure their blood is in the correct range -- blood
that clots too easily could still lead to a stroke or a heart attack
while blood that doesn't clot can lead to extended bleeding after an
injury. To be tested, patients either have to go to a clinic laboratory
or use a costly at-home testing system.

Researchers at the University of Washington have developed a new
blood-clotting test that uses only a single drop of blood and a smartphone vibration motor and camera. The system includes a plastic attachment
that holds a tiny cup beneath the phone's camera.

A person adds a drop of blood to the cup, which contains a small copper particle and a chemical that starts the blood-clotting process. Then
the phone's vibration motor shakes the cup while the camera monitors
the movement of the particle, which slows down and then stops moving
as the clot forms. The researchers showed that this method falls within
the accuracy range of the standard instruments of the field.

The team published these findings Feb. 11 in Nature Communications.

"Back in the day, doctors used to manually rock tubes of blood back
and forth to monitor how long it took a clot to form. This, however,
requires a lot of blood, making it infeasible to use in home settings,"
said senior author Shyam Gollakota, UW professor in the Paul G. Allen
School of Computer Science & Engineering. "The creative leap we make here
is that we're showing that by using the vibration motor on a smartphone,
our algorithms can do the same thing, except with a single drop of
blood. And we get accuracy similar to the best commercially available techniques." Doctors can rank blood-clotting ability using two numbers:
* the time it takes for the clot to form, what's known as the
"prothrombin
time" or PT
* a ratio calculated from the PT that allows doctors to more easily
compare
results between different tests or laboratories, called the
"international normalized ratio" or INR


========================================================================== "Most people taking this medication are taking it for life. But this
is not a set-and-forget type of thing -- in the U.S., most people are
only in what we call the 'desirable range' of PT/INR levels about 64%
of the time," said co- author Dr. Kelly Michaelsen, assistant professor
of anesthesiology and pain medicine in the UW School of Medicine. "This
number is even lower -- only about 40% of the time -- in countries such
as India or Uganda where there is less frequent testing. How can we make
this better? We need to make it easier for people to test more frequently
and take ownership of their health care." Patients who can monitor their PT/INR levels from home would only need to go to see a clinician if the
test suggested they were outside of that desirable range, Michaelsen said.

The researchers wanted an inexpensive device that could work similarly
to how at-home blood sugar monitors work for people with diabetes:
A person can prick their finger and test a drop of blood.

"We started by vibrating a single drop of blood and trying to monitor
waves on the surface," said lead author Justin Chan, a UW doctoral student
in the Allen School. "But that was really challenging with such a small
amount of blood." The team added a small copper particle because its
motion was so much more reliable to track.



==========================================================================
"As the blood clots, it forms a network that tightens. And in that
process, the particle goes from happily bouncing around to no longer
moving," Michaelsen said.

To calculate PT and INR, the phone collects two time stamps: first when
the user inserts the blood and second when the particle stops moving.

"For the first time stamp, we're looking for when the user inserts a
capillary tube containing the sample in the frame," Chan said. "For the
end of the measurement, we look directly at the interior of the cup so
that the only movement within those frames is the copper particle. The
particle stops moving abruptly because blood clots very quickly, and you
can observe that difference between frames. From there we can calculate
the PT, and this can be mapped to INR." The researchers tested this
method on three different types of blood samples.

As a proof of concept, the team started with plasma, a component of blood
that is transparent and therefore easier to test. The researchers tested
plasma from 140 anonymized patients at the University of Washington
Medical Center. The team also examined plasma from 79 patients with
known blood-clotting issues.

For both these conditions, the test had results that were similar to commercially available tests.

To mimic what a patient at home would experience, the team then tested
whole blood from 80 anonymized patients at both Harborview and the
University of Washington medical centers. This test also yielded results
that were in the accuracy range of commercial tests.

This device is still in a proof-of-concept stage. The researchers
have publicly released the code and are exploring commercialization opportunities as well as further testing. For example, currently all
these tests have been done in the lab. The next step is to work with
patients to test this system at home. The researchers also want to see
how the system fares in more resource-limited areas and countries.

"Almost every smartphone from the past decade has a vibration motor
and a camera. This means that almost everyone who has a phone can
use this. All you need is a simple plastic attachment, no additional electronics of any kind," Gollakota said. "This is the best of all worlds
-- it's basically the holy grail of PT/INR testing. It makes it frugal
and accessible to millions of people, even where resources are very
limited." Additional co-authors on this paper are Joanne Estergreen,
clinical laboratory supervisor in the UW School of Medicine's laboratory medicine and pathology department, and Dr. Daniel Sabath, professor of laboratory medicine and pathology in the UW School of Medicine. This
research was funded by the Moore foundation fellowship.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Washington. Original
written by Sarah McQuate. Note: Content may be edited for style and
length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Justin Chan, Kelly Michaelsen, Joanne K. Estergreen, Daniel
E. Sabath,
Shyamnath Gollakota. Micro-mechanical blood clot testing
using smartphones. Nature Communications, 2022; 13 (1) DOI:
10.1038/s41467-022- 28499-y ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220211080632.htm

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