• How life came to Earth

    From ScienceDaily@1:317/3 to All on Thu Feb 10 21:30:44 2022
    How life came to Earth

    Date:
    February 10, 2022
    Source:
    Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena
    Summary:
    Researchers have discovered a new clue in the search for the origin
    of life by showing that peptides can form on dust under conditions
    such as those prevailing in outer space. These molecules, which
    are one of the basic building blocks of all life, may therefore
    not have originated on our planet at all, but possibly in cosmic
    molecular clouds.



    FULL STORY ========================================================================== Researchers have discovered a new clue in the search for the origin of
    life by showing that peptides can form on dust under conditions such as
    those prevailing in outer space. These molecules, which are one of the
    basic building blocks of all life, may therefore not have originated on
    our planet at all, but possibly in cosmic molecular clouds.


    ========================================================================== Chains of amino acids All life as we know it consists of the same chemical building blocks. These include peptides, which perform various completely different functions in the body -- transporting substances, accelerating reactions or forming stabilising scaffolds in cells. Peptides consist
    of individual amino acids arranged in a specific order. The exact order determines a peptide's eventual properties.

    How these versatile biomolecules came into being is one of the questions
    about the origin of life. Amino acids, nucleobases and various sugars
    found in meteoroids, for example, show that this origin could be extraterrestrial in nature. However, for a peptide to be formed from
    individual amino acid molecules, very special conditions are required
    that were previously assumed to be more likely to exist on Earth.

    The first step requires water, while for the second step, there must
    be no water "Water plays an important role in the conventional way in
    which peptides are created," says Dr Serge Krasnokutski of the Laboratory Astrophysics and Cluster Physics Group of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy at the University of Jena. In this process, individual amino
    acids combine to form a chain. For this to happen, one water molecule must
    be removed each time. "Our quantum chemical calculations have now shown
    that the amino acid glycine can be formed through a chemical precursor -- called an amino ketene -- combining with a water molecule. Put simply:
    in this case, water must be added for the first reaction step, and water
    must be removed for the second." With this knowledge, the team led by the physicist Krasnokutski has now been able to demonstrate a reaction pathway
    that can take place under cosmic conditions and does not require water.



    ========================================================================== "Instead of taking the chemical detour in which amino acids are formed,
    we wanted to find out whether amino ketene molecules could not be formed instead and combine directly to form peptides," says Krasnokutski,
    describing the basic idea behind the work. He adds: "And we did this
    under the conditions that prevail in cosmic molecular clouds, that is
    to say on dust particles in a vacuum, where the corresponding chemicals
    are present in abundance: carbon, ammonia and carbon monoxide." In an ultra-high vacuum chamber, substrates that serve as a model for the
    surface of dust particles were brought together with carbon, ammonia
    and carbon monoxide at about one quadrillionth of normal air pressure
    and minus 263 degrees Celsius.

    "Investigations showed that under these conditions, the peptide
    polyglycine was formed from the simple chemicals," Krasnokutski
    says. "These are therefore chains of the very simple amino acid glycine,
    and we observed different lengths. The longest specimens consisted of
    eleven units of the amino acid." In this experiment, the german team
    was also able to detect the suspected amino ketene. "The fact that
    the reaction can take place at such low temperatures at all is due
    to the amino ketene molecules being extremely reactive. They combine
    with each other in an effective polymerisation. The product of this is polyglycine." Quantum mechanical tunnelling effect might play a role "It
    was nevertheless surprising to us that the polymerisation of amino ketene
    could happen so easily under such conditions," says Krasnokutski. "This is because an energy barrier actually has to be overcome for this to happen.

    However, it may be that we are helped in this by a special effect of
    quantum mechanics. In this special reaction step, a hydrogen atom changes
    its place.

    However, it is so small that, as a quantum particle, it could not overcome
    the barrier but was simply able to cross it, so to speak, through the tunnelling effect." Now that it is clear that not only amino acids,
    but also peptide chains, can be created under cosmic conditions, we may
    have to look not only to Earth but also more into space when researching
    the origin of life.

    ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
    Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet_Jena. Original written by Marco
    Ko"rner. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


    ========================================================================== Journal Reference:
    1. S. A. Krasnokutski, K.-J. Chuang, C. Ja"ger, N. Ueberschaar,
    Th. Henning.

    A pathway to peptides in space through the condensation of atomic
    carbon.

    Nature Astronomy, 2022; DOI: 10.1038/s41550-021-01577-9 ==========================================================================

    Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220210125828.htm

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