The U.S. is failing to care for traumatic brain injury survivors,
experts say
From the way it is classified to long-term care options, experts say
major changes are needed to address the global issue

Date:
February 1, 2022
Source:
Michigan Medicine - University of Michigan
Summary:
The United States care system is often failing to meet the needs
of individuals, families and communities affected by traumatic
brain injury, according to a report from the National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The authors make many
recommendations for advancing progress in TBI care, including
changes to classification methods, improving research funding and
establishing continuity of care.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Every year, nearly 5 million Americans are evaluated for traumatic brain
injury in emergency departments across the country.


========================================================================== These injuries can happen in many different ways -- from car crashes
and military conflict to falls and everyday activities -- and they're
diagnosed in around 2% of all United States emergency department visits.

Awareness of the magnitude of TBIs has increased over the last several
decades, particularly in sports and the military. But a group of experts
from across the nation say the country's current system of care is often failing to meet the needs of the individuals, families and communities
affected by traumatic brain injury.

"We as physicians are frustrated that there are significant limitations
to what we can do for our patients for an injury that has real-life, debilitating consequences," said Frederick Korley, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of emergency medicine at Michigan Medicine. "There are many important, structural changes that need to be made to provide better
care for patients who often go through a prolonged recovery process."
Korley is part of a select team of researchers who recently authored
a report analyzing the health care system's response to TBI for the
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The study,
funded by the U.S.

Department of Defense, found that the lack of a comprehensive framework
for classification, care and research poses significant burdens for
everyone involved -- leading to needless death, squandered human potential
and soaring costs. Their report contains numerous recommendations for
improving TBI care and research.

TBI classification When those near-5 million Americans arrive at the ER
each year to be evaluated for brain injuries, they are placed into one
of three categories: mild, moderate or severe.



==========================================================================
It seems simple. The driver who is comatose after a devastating car
crash would be considered severe, while the student who has a headache
after slipping on black ice could be seen as mild. To Korley, who sees
many of these so-called "mild" cases in the emergency department,
the classification is inadequate - - and, in some cases, insulting
to patients.

"Some people who are considered 'mild' can't go to work; they have
horrible headaches and memory problems that can result in losing a job
or dropping out of school," he said. "Conversely, there are some people classified as 'severe' but actually do way better than we expect. Those
cases don't all result in death or devastating disability." This lack
of distinction, the report notes, leads to suboptimal care across the
spectrum of TBI and can include withdrawing life-sustaining treatment
for patients who could have improved.

Instead of the shorthand, the researchers recommend using the full
Glasgow Coma Scale score, a system that grades the severity of TBI on a
scale from three to 15, in addition to results from brain CT scans and
blood tests to classify patients. This approach provides a more accurate, nuanced assessment of the injury, Korley said.

"Let's say we have two cases of 'mild' TBI," he said. "One is a patient
who has a concussion and experienced light sensitivity but felt fine
not long after, and the other is someone who is awake but so out of it
that they ask the same question repeatedly. The first would be a GCS 15,
and the second would be a GCS 13. Calling both patients 'mild' is an oversimplification. Saying one is a GCS 15 TBI and the other is a GCS 13
TBI is more descriptive and will inform additional treatment plans."
Emergency physicians also rely heavily on neuroimaging through CT
scans to find evidence of brain bleeding and determine if surgery is
necessary. Recently, they have started using blood tests to justify neuroimaging and reduce the number of unnecessary scans. These blood
tests can also help physicians better characterize the severity of the
injury. The research team advocates for a classification system utilizing
all three methods.



========================================================================== "This full range of analysis will make for a more accurate and
sophisticated description of the injury that will inform individualized treatment and aid in predicting long-term outcomes more accurately,"
Korley said.

Delivery and continuity of care for patients with TBI To many, the
"traumatic brain injury" suggests an isolated event. A dramatic scene of a crash victim or wounded soldier receiving lifesaving medical intervention, possibly being cured.

This is a misleading view, Korley says. Think of TBI like COVID-19.

Many people who are hospitalized with the virus do not die, which could
be seen as a 'recovery.' But almost half of those people experience
significant functional decline after they're discharged. And scores
of people with 'mild infection' end up with lingering symptoms of long
COVID that can impact their lives.

Like COVID-19, many of those 'recovering' from TBI experience a
chronic phase of the injury. However, only 13 to 25% of patients
with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury end up receiving interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation.

"There is the notion that once you leave the hospital after TBI,
that's as good as it gets, but it's only the beginning of the battle,"
Korley said. "The acute phase is when you try to limit secondary brain
injury. The chronic phase is a much longer healing process." For an
injury that researchers say is vastly undercounted, they note the United
States has no mechanism for long-term TBI care. And for what is available,
many survivors do not have, or cannot afford, access.

"Many people actually max out their benefits at that point [of inpatient rehab]," said one TBI patient quoted in the report. "Then when they
are home, they have problems and don't have the insurance funds to help
with those. To me, it's just criminal that so many victims of TBI are
just forced by insurance companies into bed rest, which is just killing
their chances of a good recovery." Korley and the committee recommend
creating a national framework for TBI care.

They say it should build on the successes of regional trauma systems by establishing local and regional integrated care delivery systems across
acute, rehabilitation and recovery phases of the injury. They also want
health insurers, Medicare and Medicaid services to offer coverage for
TBI care that aligns with clinical guidelines, ensuring equity in access
and affordability.

"[Taking these steps] would require a level of continuity and acceptance
of responsibility that American health care does not often achieve for
chronic illnesses," researchers wrote.

Research and innovation To date, there is no FDA-approved therapy that
can treat damage from traumatic brain injury on its own. Several promising therapies have failed to promote recovery in large clinical trials.

Meanwhile, the committee says research on TBI is feeble compared to
other important conditions, such as cancer or heart disease. They called
for government organizations -- the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense -- and private sector funders to commit to a much
larger investment in basic and clinical research to improve the health
and well-being of TBI survivors.

Working with the Department of Defense, the Weil Institute for Critical
Care Research and Innovation at University of Michigan hosts an annual
Massey TBI Grand Challenge, which provides funding for early-stage,
innovative and high- risk research to develop the next generation of diagnostics, devices and therapeutics for severe TBI. Researchers make
'Shark Tank'-style pitches to a panel of clinicians and commercialization experts for innovative ways to advance early care. Over six years,
39 teams have been funded with over $4 million awarded.

"This program provides a unique and vital mechanism to bring
together diverse expertise from across U-M to propose and develop the almost-science fiction solutions and technologies that will be required
to significantly impact the care of victims of TBI," said Kevin Ward,
M.D., executive director of the Weil Institute and professor of emergency medicine and biomedical engineering at Michigan Medicine. "The program encourages collaboration across the medical, engineering, basic and computational sciences, and it is really helping us shorten the research
and development cycle through strategic de-risking." Without an entity
taking charge to establish clear goals and conduct oversight, experts say, progress is unlikely.

"We want to drive more progress as we create a blueprint for clinicians, researchers and stakeholders who are committed to solving this problem,"
Korley said. "We are hoping that governmental leaders will pay attention
and help redirect funding priorities. A lot of the recommendations
we are proposing will take significant funding to implement. This is
how our nation will start showing up for survivors of traumatic brain
injury, their caregivers and communities." This activity was supported
by Contract No.W81XWH20C0126 between the National Academy of Sciences
and the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command
of the Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or
agency that provided support for the project. The views, opinions and/or findings contained in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Army Medical Research
and Development Command (USAMRDC).

special promotion Explore the latest scientific research on sleep and
dreams in this free online course from New Scientist -- Sign_up_now_>>> ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Michigan_Medicine_-_University_of_Michigan. Original written by Noah
Fromson. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Traumatic
Brain Injury: A Roadmap for Accelerating Progress. Washington,
DC: The National Academies Press, 2022; DOI: 10.17226/25394 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/02/220201144006.htm

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