Study explores how temperate rainforests can aid the fight against
climate change

Date:
January 31, 2022
Source:
University of Plymouth
Summary:
Research has shown that the level of growth needed to produce the
amount of trees required by UK targets is unlikely to be achieved
through natural means alone.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== There is global recognition that woodland expansion could be one of the
most effective solutions in the fight against climate change.


========================================================================== However, new research has shown that the level of growth needed to
produce the amount of trees required by UK targets is unlikely to be
achieved through natural means alone.

Environmental scientists and ecologists at the University of Plymouth
showed that browsing behaviour by livestock is a major determinant of
the expansion and connection of fragmented UK upland oak woodlands --
so-called 'temperate rainforests'.

The study, focused on Dartmoor in South West England, found the presence
of livestock led to far fewer oak saplings surviving. When saplings did survive, they were smaller and in poorer condition, and seldom lived
beyond eight years old without protection.

Interestingly, however, disturbance by grazing livestock may not be all
bad and its precise impact may depend on surrounding plant species.

For example, although toxic bracken may help protect the youngest tree seedlings from grazing animals, too much bracken may reduce suitable
conditions for oak sapling establishment due to increased competition
for light.



==========================================================================
If carefully managed, trampling by browsing livestock such as cattle and
ponies can open up areas of bracken and so help support the conditions
for temperate rainforests to expand.

The study assessed the natural regeneration of oak saplings away from
oak woodlands at multiple sites on Dartmoor and showed that native
oak establishment was largely confined to within 20m of the nearest
adult tree.

This level of natural expansion, the researchers say, is insufficient
to adequately aid carbon storage, flood mitigation and biodiversity
provision at the pace or scale required in these upland landscapes.

They suggest instead strategically targeted interventions and selective planting into certain vegetation types to test the need for tree guards
and other protection such as fences.

This, they say, could be used to improve the environmental sensitivity
of planting schemes in protected landscapes such as Dartmoor and other
National Parks, while reducing their visual impact.



==========================================================================
Dr Thomas Murphy, currently an Industrial Research Fellow on the
University's Low Carbon Devon project, led the research as part of his
PhD. He said: "The planting of trees and an end to deforestation are increasingly being highlighted as low cost and environmentally sensitive mechanisms to combat climate change. These measures have been factored
into the net-zero agendas of UK and other governments, with world leaders
also pledging to address the issue during COP26 in Glasgow last year.

"Our findings however suggest the expansion of oak woodland into UK upland pasture systems is not a simple process. They may have a critical role to
play, but these important temperate rainforests have been historically
degraded and are now highly fragmented. "Reversing that trend is likely
to require strategic planting and informed livestock management. Getting
this right, however, will warrant a delicate balancing act and close cooperation with a range of stakeholders, including particularly
landowners and graziers, at a time when upland farms are facing severe financial pressures and there are ongoing changes in incentives."
The research is published in Ecological Solutions and Evidence, a journal
of the British Ecological Society, and makes a series of recommendations
for landowners and policy makers:
* Livestock grazing (particularly cattle) should be encouraged
close to
adult native oak trees at the edge of woodlands as they reduce
dense and competitive vegetation;
* On sites where oak seedlings and saplings (1-3 years) have
colonised,
livestock should be excluded for a minimum period of 12 years to
increase sapling survival, growth and establishment;
* On upland valley slopes where current ecosystem services provision
is low
and woodland establishment is required for connecting woodland
habitat and rapid soil hydrological recovery, strategic planting
and grazing management schemes should be encouraged;
* Older and larger oak saplings (4-7 years) could be planted
directly into
areas where dense vegetation protects saplings from animal
livestock.

This is the latest study by the University to examine the health and
benefits of native trees on the upland slopes of Dartmoor.

The same research team has previously shown that the planting of native woodlands in upland areas could play a significant role in preventing
the flash flooding which has increasingly affected communities across
the UK in recent years.

They have also collaborated with creative agency Just Enough Brave on
the Trees for Climate project, which created a set of resources designed
to increase the accessibility of research for improved native woodland expansion.

special promotion Explore the latest scientific research on sleep and
dreams in this free online course from New Scientist -- Sign_up_now_>>> ========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Plymouth. Original
written by Alan Williams. Note: Content may be edited for style and
length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Thomas R. Murphy, Mick E. Hanley, Jonathan S. Ellis, Paul H. Lunt.

Optimizing opportunities for oak woodland expansion into upland
pastures.

Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 2022; 3 (1) DOI: 10.1002/2688-
8319.12126 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220131083845.htm

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