'Boot camp' enzyme prevents autoimmune conditions

Date:
January 31, 2022
Source:
Walter and Eliza Hall Institute
Summary:
Researchers have identified an enzyme in the thymus that is
essential for immune T cells to correctly identify threats,
safeguarding them from going rogue and attacking healthy tissue
in the body.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
WEHI researchers have identified an enzyme in the thymus that is essential
for immune T cells to correctly identify threats, safeguarding them from
going rogue and attacking healthy tissue in the body.


==========================================================================
The thymus is an important organ where immune T cells learn to fight
infection.

The new findings revealed that the enzyme KAT7 is necessary to activate thousands of genes required for 'training' immune T cells not to attack
healthy tissue. Without proper training, immune T cells are at risk of sabotaging the immune system which could lead to autoimmune conditions
such as Type 1 diabetes, or multiple sclerosis.

Published in Science Immunology, the research paves the way for potential treatments to target KAT7, which could modify the training of immune T
cells as needed. Such treatments could be used to either restrain immune
T cells from drivingautoimmune conditions, or to supercharge immune T
cells to better fight diseases such as cancer.

The research was led by former WEHI PhD student Dr Melanie Heinlein,
along with Associate Professor Tim Thomas and Associate Professor Daniel
Gray from WEHI, in collaboration with researchers at Monash University
and the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.

At a glance
* Researchers have discovered that the enzyme KAT7 is crucial for
'training' immune T cells to correctly identify and fight threats
in the body.

* They showed that blocking the function of KAT7 in pre-clinical
models
sent the immune system into overdrive, leading to a range of
autoimmune conditions.

* These findings show that KAT7 could be targeted therapeutically
to either
dampen or boost the immune system as required.

A 'preview' of threats The thymus is like a 'boot camp' where immune
T cells are trained to identify and fight pathogens, and taught not to
attack healthy organs. As part of this preparation, immune T cells are
shown a 'preview' of all the various components of healthy tissues they
could encounter once they exit the thymus.



========================================================================== While it was previously known that the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE)
protein activated the thousands of genes needed for this preview, it
was unclear how AIRE knew which genes it needed to 'switch on', until now.

Dr Melanie Heinlein said the new findings revealed that the enzyme KAT7
was crucial for determining which genes AIRE needed to activate for
immune T cells to be properly trained.

"Like a training coordinator, KAT7 directs AIRE to the thousands of
genes that must be activated for the 'boot camp' to run smoothly. KAT7
does this by tagging the genes that AIRE needs to 'switch on' for the
preview of the body's proteins to work. When all goes to plan, immune T
cells are trained not to fight any normal tissues they could encounter
in the body, ensuring they do not cause autoimmune disease," she said.

Importance of KAT7 Associate Professor Tim Thomas said KAT7's crucial
role in keeping immune T cells to task was made clear when the researchers
used a new drug to block its function.



==========================================================================
"We showed how a KAT7 inhibitor, developed in collaboration with Jonathan
Baell at Monash University, was able to stop AIRE from switching on the
genes needed to properly train immune T cells. Stopping this process sent
the immune system into overdrive, leading to immune T cells going rogue
and causing a range of autoimmune conditions in pre-clinical models. This
shows a clear link between KAT7 and AIRE in maintaining immune tolerance,"
he said.

"This has been a wonderful team effort. The highly collaborative study was
made possible with expertise from across WEHI's Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Genomics Facility, and the Centre for Dynamic Imaging, along with
colleagues from Monash University and the Weizmann Institute of Science
in Israel." Exciting treatment potential Associate Professor Daniel Gray
said the discovery could lead to new treatments for restraining immune
T cells in order to prevent autoimmune conditions, or for supercharging
immune T cells to fight disease.

"Our research shows KAT7 could be targeted to modify the training of
immune T cells so they can either be stopped from causing autoimmunity,
or boosted to fight disease.

"Potential applications of this knowledge include organ-specific
autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, as
well as cancer immunotherapy. In the latter scenario, the immune system
could be supercharged to combat cancer by blocking KAT7 in the thymus,"
he said.

A donation by Professor Jacques Miller AC FRS FAA helped to fund this
research.

Professor Miller discovered the function of the thymus in 1958,
revolutionising our understanding of the immune system, infection and
disease. It is his discovery that has made further findings relating to
the thymus, like this current research, possible.

The research was also supported by Australian NHMRC, Boehringer Ingelheim
Fonds Travel Grant and the Cancer Therapeutics Cooperative Research
Centre.

WEHI authors: Melanie Heinlein, Luke Gandolfo, Kelin Zhao, Charis Teh,
Johannes Wichmann, Anne Voss, Andreas Strasser, Gordon Smyth, Tim
Thomasand Daniel Gray.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Walter_and_Eliza_Hall_Institute. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Melanie Heinlein et al. The acetyltransferase KAT7 is required
for thymic
epithelial cell expansion, expression of AIRE target
genes, and thymic tolerance. Science Immunology, 2022 DOI:
10.1126/sciimmunol.abb6032 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220131185859.htm

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