Roads, pet dogs and more may pose hidden threat to Africa's primates


Date:
February 8, 2023
Source:
University of Colorado at Boulder
Summary:
Simple solutions, such as not leaving out food at night, could
help to protect non-human primates in Sub-Saharan Africa -- some
of which are already struggling because of threats like climate
change and habitat loss.


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FULL STORY ==========================================================================
Many of the hallmarks of human civilization -- from roads and power
lines to pet dogs -- are taking a larger-than-expected toll on non-human primates living in Africa, according to two recent studies.


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The findings result from a collaboration between the University of
Colorado Boulder and three South Africa-based institutions: the University
of Venda, Lajuma Research Centre and the conservation organization the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT). They take an almost forensic look at
what is killing wild animals in South Africa. The country is home to five species of non-human primates, including greater (Otolemur crassicaudatus)
and southern lesser (Galago moholis) bushbabies. These primates spend
most of their lives in trees, and some are so small they can fit in the
palm of your hand.

In one study, scientists led by Birthe Linden at Lajuma analyzed hundreds
of cases in which non-human primates had been killed on roads or around
power lines across the country. In a companion paper, the researchers
explored the growing risks that domestic dogs pose to the animals.

The research shows that the threats facing the world's monkeys, apes
and other non-human primates aren't always easy to see, particularly
for lesser-studied animals like bushbabies.

"Bushbabies, especially, are an example of species that may be having
problems, but we don't know what they are until we go looking,"
said Michelle Sauther, co-author of the two studies and professor of anthropology at CU Boulder.

For her, the results border on personal.

In the process of studying bushbabies in South Africa for more than a
decade, Sauther and her colleagues got to know one male, in particular --
a greater bushbaby with one eye who the team nicknamed Bruiser because
he reminded them of an old prize fighter.

Then in 2019 Bruiser, who had bad and missing teeth, tried to move on
the ground to reach a fig tree with easy-to-grab fruit. A pet dog found
and killed him.

"These are small stories," Sauther said. "They're not the big stories
of conservation, but they really do matter, especially as we have no
good data on bushbaby mortality and thus cannot easily judge their
conservation status." They're also small stories that likely touch
almost all non-human primate species, not just in South Africa but across
the continent.

"We found that all South African non-human primates are in one way or
the other impacted by human linear infrastructure, such as power lines
or roads," Linden said.

Roadkill on the rise Linden, a primatologist from South Africa, first
became interested in the hidden dangers facing primates on her almost
daily drives to the University of Venda in South Africa's Soutpansberg Mountains.

She kept seeing samango monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis) run over
on the side of the road. These monkeys are listed in the "Red List of
Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho" as "vulnerable," one step
up from "endangered." "It's one stretch where the road is quite close
to indigenous forest, which is where samango monkeys typically live,"
Linden said.

She wondered if a lot more non-human primates could be dying as roadkill
than researchers suspected. South Africa is home to more than 675,000
miles (1,090,000 kilometers) of roads and power lines -- and the number
keeps climbing.

To explore this pervasive threat, Linden and her colleagues drew from a
wide range of data sources. They include Road Watch, a citizen science
app released by the EWT that allows anyone in South Africa to upload
reports of roadkill. In all, the team gathered 483 examples of primates
killed on roads or around power lines, some dating back to the late
1990s. Species included the two bushbabies, samango monkeys, chacma
baboons (Papio ursinus) and vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus).

Next up, Frank Cuozzo of the Lajuma Research Centre and a research fellow
at the University of Pretoria's Mammal Research Institute led the group
in exploring a different kind of peril: domestic dogs. The researchers
tracked down 13 reports of greater bushbabies like Bruiser killed by dogs
in South Africa since 2014. In one case, humans intentionally released
dogs to hunt down a bushbaby that had gotten too close to town.

"These reports are clearly a sliver of what's actually happening,"
said Cuozzo who earned his doctorate in biological anthropology from CU
Boulder in 2000.

"It's happening in the towns and suburban areas, in the rural areas,
the reserve areas, and it's happening far more than anyone would think."
Why did the monkey cross the road? The researchers aren't sure how big
of a dent roads, power lines and domestic dogs are making in non-human
primate numbers in South Africa or surrounding nations. But they argue
that these deaths are important to follow -- especially for animals
already struggling to survive amid climate change and habitat loss.

Wendy Collinson-Jonker, co-author of the infrastructure study and a
researcher at the EWT, noted that these problems are widespread, but
the fixes may be surprisingly simple.

Studies have shown, for example, that monkeys and other forest critters
can hop across roads safely on "canopy bridges," such as a rope bridge
hanging between trees.

Humans can also keep dogs away from primates by being careful to not
leave food out, especially at night.

"We know the solutions," Collinson-Jonker said. "It's a case of now
getting them implemented." As for Bruiser the bushbaby, Sauther noted
that his story ended with a small bit of consolation. The team was able to recover his body and collected X-rays that helped reveal a deeper picture
of his more than a decade of life -- down to the arthritis building up
between his joints that likely led him to climb down to the ground.

"We were able to document his whole life story," Sauther said. "We knew
him right to the end."
* RELATED_TOPICS
o Plants_&_Animals
# Monkeys # Dogs # Endangered_Animals # Nature
o Earth_&_Climate
# Geography # Rainforests # Drought_Research #
Biodiversity
* RELATED_TERMS
o Primate o Global_warming_controversy o Human_biology
o Consensus_of_scientists_regarding_global_warming
o Global_warming o Kyoto_Protocol o
Attribution_of_recent_climate_change o Climate_change_mitigation

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder. Original written by Daniel
Strain. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


==========================================================================


Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230208191724.htm

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