Celebrated malting barley came from a single plant

Date:
January 18, 2022
Source:
Linko"ping University
Summary:
The 200-year-old malting barley variety 'Chevalier' was for a
long time world-leading in beer brewing and is thought to have
originated from a single plant. In a new study, researchers have
investigated this claim.

They have analyzed seed samples that are older than 150 years
using molecular genetic methods. The results give a revealing
insight into the plant breeding of times gone by.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The 200-year-old malting barley variety 'Chevalier' was for a long time
world- leading in beer brewing and is thought to have originated from
a single plant.

In a new study, Swedish researchers from the universities of Linko"ping
and Stockholm have investigated this claim. They have analysed seed
samples that are older than 150 years using molecular genetic methods. The results give a revealing insight into the plant breeding of times gone by.


==========================================================================
Can a single ear of barley give rise to global cultivation, and change
the very foundations of the brewing industry? At least thus reads the
story of the 'Chevalier' barley variety.

Exactly 200 years ago in England, in the Suffolk town of Debenham,
something happened that would change the world of beer brewing
forever. The farm worker John Andrews was out in a barley field when his
eye fell upon a truly splendid ear, which he took and planted in his
own garden. That was where his landlord, Charles Chevalier, first saw
the remarkable barley. He harvested the plant and began to propagate it, dubbing it with his own name -- Chevalier.

Soon, everybody was growing Chevalier, and by the end of the 19th century
more than 80% of all malting barley in England was Chevalier. In fact,
the beer brewing industry considered Chevalier to be so superior that
the very name became synonymous with malting barley. Chevalier's capital properties were noticed around the world, including in Sweden, where
test cultivations and improvement of Chevalier were carried out during
the second half of the 19th century. Today, Chevalier is a part of the
pedigree of many malting barley varieties. Recently, beer brewers have
once again started using these kinds of classic malting barley varieties.

"When we started this study, we were primarily curious about whether
Chevalier barley had been discovered and used in the same way as today's
modern varieties, with a genetic signature unique to Chevalier, and
where the name is a sort of brand name for a certain kind of product,"
says Jenny Hagenblad, associate professor of population genetics at
the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) at Linko"ping University.

To investigate this, the researchers carried out genetic analyses of
seeds from sample jars marked "Chevalier," the contents of which had
been collected at various points during the 19th century. The oldest of
these samples was collected as early as 1865. It turned out that many of
the seed samples belonged to a specific kind of barley -- Chevalier --
and that the single plant origin theory could be confirmed. But far from
all the samples contained true Chevalier barley seeds.

Some of the seed samples contained unimproved landrace barley, while other samples contained mixtures of Chevalier and landrace seed. When the seed
came to Sweden, it was mixed -- deliberately or unintentionally -- with
local landraces. But because Chevalier had also become a kind of brand,
the name stuck.

More surprisingly, the researchers also discovered crosses with Chevalier.

Barley is usually self-fertilizing, but when the researchers looked more closely at the seed mixtures, they could see that Chevalier and landrace
barley had cross-bred spontaneously in the field. Plant breeders had
noticed such crosses and developed new varieties from them.

"We can see signs of how people, long before the development of modern
plant breeding, were already unwittingly using the very methods that
became the foundation for the revolution in Swedish farming during the
early 20th century," says Matti Leino, researcher in crop history at
Stockholm University.

The results of the study have been published in the journal Crop
Science. The study has been financed with the support of the pension
fund of F d Bryggarea"mbetets i Stockholm, the Erik Philip-So"rensen foundation, Magnus Bergvall foundation and CF Lundstro"m foundation.

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Linko"ping_University. Original
written by Karin So"derlund Leifler. Note: Content may be edited for
style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Jenny Hagenblad, Matti W. Leino. Chevalier barley: The influence
of a
world‐leading malting variety. Crop Science, 2021; 62 (1):
235 DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20668 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/01/220118085412.htm

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