Rainfall strongly affects infectious Vibrio bacteria in Ala Wai Canal
Date:
March 3, 2022
Source:
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Summary:
In the Ala Wai Canal in Waikiki, Hawai'i, the abundance of Vibrio
vulnificus, an infectious bacterium, is strongly influenced by
the amount of rainfall in the surrounding areas, according to a
recently published study.
FULL STORY ==========================================================================
In the Ala Wai Canal in Waikiki, Hawai'i, the abundance of Vibrio
vulnificus, an infectious bacterium, is strongly influenced by the amount
of rainfall in the surrounding areas, according to a recently published
study by oceanographers at the University of Hawai'i (UH) at Mānoa
and Hawai'i Pacific University (HPU).
========================================================================== Study authors Olivia Nigro, then a graduate student in the oceanography at
UHM and now an assistant professor at HPU, and Grieg Steward, professor in
the UHM School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), first assessed Vibrio in 2006 when Oliver Johnson died from a V. vulnificus
infection after having cuts and scrapes exposed to Ala Wai Harbor water.
"His exposure occurred after many days of heavy rainfall, which, given
our results, suggests this may have been an exacerbating factor,"
said Steward. "At the time, we realized there was almost no data on
the ecology of V.vulnificus in the canal, or in Hawai'i generally, and remarkably, very little in tropical waters anywhere." After a quick
pilot study in 2006 that showed the bacteria are present in high, but
not unexpected numbers, the team geared up for a year-long study in 2008-
2009 with better methods to understand the variability in abundance over
a seasonal cycle.
At higher latitudes, the abundance of V. vulnificus shows a very strong seasonal cycle -- nearly disappearing in winter when temperatures are
cold. In Hawai'i, temperatures are warm year-round, so freshwater input
becomes a more important control.
"V. vulnificus occurs naturally in warm, brackish waters," said Nigro. "So
we expect to find this bacterium anywhere that temperatures are warm and freshwater and seawater mix in about equal proportions. When conditions
are right, the Ala Wai Canal can be a great incubator for this bacterium!"
The researchers observed that rainfall has a variable effect depending
on the amount of precipitation.
==========================================================================
"Too little rainfall means much of the canal is saltier than optimum
for V.
vulnificus growth, too much rainfall and the canal is fresher than the bacterium likes," said Nigro. "We also found that, because of the flushing effect of intense rainfall, the highest abundance of V. vulnificus shifted
from within the canal out into the harbor." They observed the highest canal-wide average abundances, among the highest recorded anywhere,
during a time of modest rainfall, moderate salinities and a moderate
flushing of the canal.
The researchers noted that, although rainfall is more frequent in winter
on average, significant rainfall can also occur in summer, so spikes in V.
Vulnificus can be a problem any time of year. This makes it challenging
to predict precisely when and where there will be high concentrations
of this pathogen. However, based on a few variables -- rainfall and
resulting salinity and flushing of the canal -- the relative risk of
exposure to this pathogen could be predicted as an average for the system.
With additional years of data to better understand how V. vulnificus
varies in space and time, it may be possible to provide real-time
predictions of when and where the bacterium is likely to be at unusually
high concentrations, which is one component in assessing the risk of
infection.
"Although V. vulnificus can cause serious or even lethal infections, it
usually only becomes a problem for individuals with underlying medical
issues," said Steward. "So people should not panic about incidental
exposure to canal water.
But it is wise to wash off with soap and water after exposure and one
should avoid exposing open wounds to canal water, especially if one
is immunocompromised." This project was supported by funding to UH
Mānoa from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
through Hawaiʻi Sea Grant and from the National Science Foundation.
========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided
by University_of_Hawaii_at_Manoa. Original written by Marcie
Grabowski. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Olivia D. Nigro, La'Toya I. James-Davis, Eric Heinen De Carlo,
Yuan-Hui
Li, Grieg F. Steward. Variable freshwater influences on the
abundance of Vibrio vulnificus in a tropical urban estuary. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology, 2022; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01884-21 ==========================================================================
Link to news story:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/03/220303095641.htm
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